Holistic 1D Electro-Thermal Model Coupled to 3D Thermal Model for Hybrid Passive Cooling System Analysis in Electric Vehicles

Thermal management is the most vital element of electric vehicles (EV) to control maximum temperature module/pack for safety reasons. This paper presents a novel passive thermal system (TMS) composed heat sink (HS) and phase change materials (PCM) lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) technology under premise that cell cycled with continuous 150 A fast charge/discharge current rate. The experiments are validated against numerical analysis through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. For this purpose, comprehensive electro-thermal model based on an equivalent circuit (ECM) designed. designed combines ECM since performance LiC highly depends temperature. Then, robustness evaluated using precise second-order ECM. extracted parameters verified by experimental results in which voltage errors less than ±5% ±4%, respectively. Finally, HS-assisted PCM TMS studied 3D CFD exhibit when PCM-HS as cooling was reduced 38.3% (34.1 °C) compared natural convection case study (55.3 °C).